Constitutional provisions, institutions and processes the news keeps testing. 579 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
Registration of births and deaths might seem like a purely local administrative matter, but 'Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths'...
The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023 — also called the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam — mandates one-third reservation for women in...
Article 334A, inserted by the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023 — popularly called the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam — provides for reservation of...
The 2018 Common Cause judgment by a nine-judge bench is the foundational precedent for passive euthanasia in India. It held that the right to die with...
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, is the primary legislation governing the import, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India. It...
The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 (Act No. 13 of 2025) came into force in September 2025, replacing four colonial-era laws: the Foreigners Act, 1946...
An Amendment Bill follows the same procedural stages as any ordinary legislation. Introduction (First Reading) requires only a motion for leave to...
The MSMED Act, 2006 created the first statutory definition of micro, small, and medium enterprises in India, initially classifying them separately for...
The Constitution provides a clear mechanism for additional government spending beyond the regular Union Budget. Article 115 governs Supplementary...
A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, by a 6:1 majority (verdict delivered 1 August 2024), held that state governments have the power to...
The amendment substantially raises penalties across every category of offender under the 2024 Act and introduces a dedicated fast-track judicial mechanism...
Article 94(c) of the Constitution provides that the Speaker of the Lok Sabha can be removed from office by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then...
The population census in India is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act, 1948, and is a central government responsibility.
The Companies Act, 2013 is the primary statute governing companies in India, replacing the Companies Act, 1956. It received Presidential assent on August...
Local self-government offers a contrasting precedent: reservation for women in Panchayats was made a direct constitutional mandate, effective immediately...
The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986 is an umbrella legislation enacted under Article 253 of the Constitution (Parliament's power to legislate to...
IN-SPACe is an autonomous, single-window nodal agency under the Department of Space (Government of India), established in 2020 following the Union Cabinet's...
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, is a special legislation enacted to prevent atrocities against members of SC...
Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session, provided the President is satisfied that circumstances...
Article 17 of the Constitution of India abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form a punishable offence. It is a Fundamental Right —...
Article 341 of the Constitution vests the power to specify Scheduled Castes in the President, exercised via a Presidential Order after consultation with the...
Article 356 of the Constitution empowers the President to assume the functions of a state government if satisfied, on the Governor's report or otherwise...
Articles 371A to 371J provide special constitutional status to certain states, primarily in the Northeast and other sensitive regions. These provisions...
The Assembly of Experts (Majles-e Khobregan) is an 88-member body of Islamic scholars (clerics) elected directly by Iranian voters every eight years. It is...
Launched on 23 September 2018, AB-PMJAY is the world's largest government-funded health assurance scheme. It provides cashless health coverage of up to Rs 5...
This Bill operationalises 'One Nation, One Election' by inserting new Article 82A to synchronise Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections, and by...
Delimitation is the process of redrawing constituency boundaries and reallocating seats based on population, carried out under Article 82 (for the Lok...
The Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) was launched in May 2020 as a flagship component of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan — the government's...
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules were notified in 2021 under the Information Technology Act, 2000 to...
India imports nearly 90% of its crude oil requirements, and over 60% of this comes from West Asian producers — primarily Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, and...
The current freeze on Lok Sabha seat allocation (not total count but state-wise allocation) is the product of two amendments:
The Constitution's Seventh Schedule distributes legislative authority between Parliament and State Legislatures. Entry 34 of List II (State List) assigns...
Article 26 grants every religious denomination — or any section thereof — the right to (a) establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable...
Article 11 expressly empowers Parliament to legislate on citizenship beyond the constitutional provisions, and the Citizenship Act, 1955 is that law — it...
The word 'consultation' in Article 217/124 was originally understood as non-binding advice to the President. Through a series of Supreme Court rulings...
The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (Gadgil Committee) and the High-Level Working Group (Kasturirangan Committee) are the two foundational reports behind...
The bedrock of India-Nepal relations is the Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed on July 31, 1950, which establishes a unique open-border arrangement and...
The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (enacted 28 September 2020) is one of four labour codes that consolidated 29 existing central labour laws. It subsumed...
PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) is a centrally funded scheme approved by the Cabinet in September 2024 under the...
India currently has a pluralistic personal law system: citizens are governed by religion-specific personal laws for matters of marriage, divorce...
The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, is a central legislation that prohibits conversion of any place of worship from one religion to...
Under Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, a person convicted of specified offences and sentenced to imprisonment of two years or more...
The S.R. Bommai case ([1994] 2 SCR 644; AIR 1994 SC 1918; (1994) 3 SCC 1), decided by a nine-judge constitutional bench, is the foundational Supreme Court...
SEBI is India's statutory capital markets regulator, established under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. It has three-fold functions...
The Telecommunications Act, 2023 (Act No. 44 of 2023) replaced the colonial-era Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 as...
Velayat-e faqih (Persian: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is the foundational doctrine of the Islamic Republic of Iran, first systematised by Ayatollah...
Article 341 empowers the President to specify, by public notification, the castes, races, or tribes deemed Scheduled Castes in a state or union territory...
Bharatmala Pariyojana is a centrally sponsored umbrella programme for highway development approved by the Government of India in October 2017. Implemented...
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established in 1960 under the Ministry of Defence to develop and maintain road infrastructure in border areas and...
Independent India discontinued caste enumeration in 1951, retaining it only for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to administer reservations....
Census data feeds directly into delimitation (redrawing of constituency boundaries) under Article 82, and into the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and...
The CAG is India's supreme audit institution, established under Article 148 of the Constitution. The CAG is appointed by the President and serves a single...
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution governs the amendment procedure. Not all constitutional provisions require the same threshold, and the type of...
A key conceptual debate in Indian constitutional law is between constitutional morality (adherence to constitutional values like equality) and popular...
Cooperative federalism refers to a model where the Union and states work as collaborative partners rather than in a hierarchical relationship. India's...
DBT is a Government of India mechanism to transfer welfare benefits and subsidies directly into beneficiaries' bank accounts, aiming to eliminate leakages...
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is a law enforcement agency under the Ministry of Finance, responsible for enforcing two key statutes: the Prevention of...
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is the apex regulatory body for food safety standards in the country, and front-of-pack labelling...
Habeas corpus, Latin for 'you may have the body,' is a writ that commands the production of a detained person before a court to test the legality of their...
The Information Technology Act, 2000 is India's primary legislation governing cybercrimes. Key provisions applicable to digital arrest fraud include...