Constitutional provisions, institutions and processes the news keeps testing. 558 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
Delimitation is the process of redrawing constituency boundaries to reflect population changes after a census. In India, this is done by the Delimitation...
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established under Article 324 to superintend, direct, and control the preparation of...
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was the first comprehensive law in India specifically protecting the rights of transgender persons....
The Delimitation Commission is constituted under the Delimitation Act (most recently the Delimitation Act, 2002) by the central government. It is chaired by...
Parliament enacted the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 in direct response to recurring examination fraud across national-level...
The Special Intensive Revision is a comprehensive exercise conducted by the ECI to update the electoral roll through door-to-door verification, going beyond...
Article 324(1) of the Constitution vests the superintendence, direction, and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of...
The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India is the cornerstone of transgender rights in India. A Constitution Bench...
The Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955 empowers the Central Government to control the production, supply, and distribution of commodities deemed...
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law....
The Tenth Schedule was inserted into the Constitution by the Constitution (Fifty-Second Amendment) Act, 1985, to curb the phenomenon of political defections...
The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, colloquially known as the Women's Reservation Act or Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, was passed...
The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), established in 2015, replaced the Planning Commission as India's apex policy think tank. It...
Parliamentary Standing Committees are permanent committees that scrutinise government functioning on a continuous basis. There are 24 Departmentally Related...
Article 44 of the Constitution of India is a Directive Principle of State Policy (Part IV) that directs the state to 'endeavour to secure for the citizens a...
India adopted the Flexible Inflation Targeting framework through amendments to the RBI Act in 2016, giving statutory backing to inflation targeting as the...
Article 25 of the Indian Constitution guarantees to all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practise, and propagate religion...
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted on 23 August 2005 and came into force in February 2006 under the National Rural...
India's nuclear programme, conceived by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s, is structured as a sequential three-stage strategy to leverage the country's limited...
India has a distinction between the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) and the National Song (Vande Mataram). The Prevention of Insults to National Honour...
The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA) regulates the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contributions by Indian individuals...
The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. It is constituted every five years (or earlier) by...
India's foreign policy has evolved through three distinct phases: Non-Alignment (1947-1991), Strategic Autonomy (1991-2014), and Multi-Alignment...
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on 19 September 1960 in Karachi between India and Pakistan, with the World Bank as a co-signatory and guarantor. It is...
Article 368 of the Constitution prescribes the procedure for amending the Constitution. Most substantive amendments require a 'special majority': a majority...
Article 368 vests Parliament with the power to amend the Constitution. It lays out three tiers of amendment: (1) by simple majority (not covered under...
CAPFs are federal police organisations under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Unlike the Indian Army (under the Ministry of Defence), CAPFs handle...
The DPDP Act, 2023, enacted on 11 August 2023 with rules notified on 14 November 2025, is India's first comprehensive data protection legislation. While...
This is the foundational Supreme Court judgment on the constitutional validity and interpretation of the Tenth Schedule, delivered on February 18, 1992 by a...
The National Testing Agency was established in November 2017 as an autonomous body under the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education...
Launched in May 2016, PMUY aims to provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households, replacing traditional biomass-based...
SIR is the most comprehensive form of electoral roll revision conducted by the ECI. Unlike ordinary (summary) revision, which updates rolls based on...
Fiscal federalism in India refers to the division of financial resources and revenue-raising powers between the Centre and states. The Constitution...
Great Nicobar Island is the southernmost and largest island of the Nicobar group in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. It is located at the junction of...
The UAPA is the primary central legislation for designating organizations as 'unlawful associations' and combating terrorist activities in India. In...
The Code on Social Security, 2020 is one of four labour codes that consolidate 29 pre-existing central labour laws. It subsumes nine earlier acts including...
The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023, commonly known as the Women's Reservation Act or Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, is the most...
Under the Constitution of India and Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha, a Bill passes through three readings in each House. The introduction (First Reading) is...
The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) provides for the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in tribal areas...
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 is India's primary anti-terrorism law, conferring broad powers to designate organisations and individuals as...
Article 82 currently mandates that upon the completion of each census, Parliament shall by law provide for readjustment of the allocation of seats to each...
Following the 2018 Supreme Court judgment, the Central Government constituted the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) and the Cauvery Water Regulation...
The Great Nicobar Island Development Project is a flagship infrastructure initiative conceived by NITI Aayog for Great Nicobar — the largest of the Andaman...
Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is a flagship central government scheme launched on August 15, 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the goal of providing safe...
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the lower house of Parliament, elected from among its members under Article 93. The Speaker is...
The Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) provides for autonomous self-governance for tribal communities in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura...
The Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) provides for the administration of tribal areas in four northeastern states — Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and...
The Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023, commonly known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women's Empowerment Salutation Act), reserves one-third of...
Article 81 of the Constitution defines the composition of the Lok Sabha. It specifies that the House shall consist of not more than 530 members representing...
Article 94 of the Constitution of India provides three scenarios under which the Speaker or Deputy Speaker vacates office: (a) ceasing to be a member of the...
The Census of India is conducted under the Census Act, 1948, and is carried out by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the...
When Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died on June 3, 1989, Iran faced its first-ever Supreme Leader transition. President Ali Khamenei — not considered the most...
PVTGs are the most vulnerable sub-category of Scheduled Tribes, identified by the government as requiring special protection and development attention due...
The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 is a parliamentary statute that penalises deliberate disrespect to India's national symbols. It was...
Artificial Intelligence governance has emerged as a critical domain of international policy. The military use of AI raises the most acute governance challenges.
Article 142(1) of the Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or make any order 'as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause...
Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practise, and propagate religion, subject to public order...
Article 3 gives Parliament the exclusive power to form new states and to alter the area, boundaries, or name of an existing state by ordinary legislation —...
India's foreign policy has historically rested on the principle of 'strategic autonomy' — the freedom to make independent decisions based on national...
Paragraph 4 provides that a member shall not be disqualified if their original political party merges with another party, and at least two-thirds of the...