Groupings, treaties, chokepoints and doctrines behind India's foreign policy news. 561 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
The United States and Israel maintain one of the world's most institutionalised bilateral security relationships, underpinned by a Memorandum of...
Greenland is the world's largest island. It lies in the far north of the Atlantic Ocean, between North America and Europe, and most of it is inside the...
An air force does not only fight. It must also move soldiers, weapons, food, fuel and medicines quickly, often to places that roads cannot reach. This job...
A carbon budget is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that all humans together can still release into the air if we want to keep global warming below...
A run-of-the-river hydropower plant makes electricity from the natural flow of a river, without holding back large amounts of water in a big reservoir. A...
Artificial General Intelligence, or AGI, means an AI system that can understand, learn and perform any intellectual task a human can, across many different...
The Black Sea is a large inland sea between south-eastern Europe and western Asia. Six countries border it: Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Türkiye, Bulgaria and...
A Sovereign Wealth Fund, or SWF, is a big investment fund owned by a country's government. The government puts extra national money into it, often earnings...
Chile is a long, narrow country on the Pacific coast of South America, between the Andes mountains and the ocean. For India, it matters mainly for three...
As the planet warms, the sea is rising. For some very low-lying island countries, this raises a question that international law has never faced before: if...
The Simla Agreement was signed on 2 July 1972 between India and Pakistan in Shimla (then Simla), the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It was concluded in the...
India's longstanding position at multilateral forums is that terrorism must be condemned 'in all its forms and manifestations' — a phrase that appears in...
The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant is a planned nuclear power project at Madban village in Ratnagiri district on the Konkan coast of Maharashtra. It is...
The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement is a treaty signed in 2026 by three countries: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkiye. Under this agreement, if any one of...
India is the world's third-largest energy consumer and imports over 85% of its crude oil requirements. Energy security — ensuring affordable, reliable, and...
India and Iran share a historically deep civilisational relationship rooted in cultural, linguistic, and trade ties. In the modern context, the bilateral...
India-Iran engagement centres on connectivity infrastructure that gives India access to Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan, making the...
India and the United States are among each other's most significant trading partners. Bilateral goods trade stood at approximately $130 billion in 2024-25....
India is one of the world's largest consumers of energy, importing approximately 85% of its crude oil and 60% of its LPG demand. This structural import...
Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees (DRSCs) are permanent committees of Parliament that scrutinise ministries' policies, budgets (Demands...
Hezbollah (Arabic: 'Party of God') is a Lebanese political party and militant organisation founded in 1982 during the Israeli occupation of Lebanon, with...
Iran's nuclear programme has advanced significantly since the collapse of the JCPOA. Iran is currently enriching uranium to 60% — far beyond the 3.67%...
India and Russia formalised their relationship as a 'Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership' in 2010. This builds on decades of Soviet-era cooperation...
Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 authorises the President to impose a temporary import surcharge of up to 15% ad valorem for a period not exceeding 150...
India's energy security policy rests on four pillars: diversification of supply sources, building strategic reserves, transitioning to renewable energy, and...
India and Japan elevated their relationship to a 'Special Strategic and Global Partnership' in 2014 under PM Modi and PM Abe. The partnership has expanded...
India significantly accelerated its trade agreement strategy after 2021, signing agreements with the UAE (CEPA, 2022), Australia (ECTA interim deal, 2022)...
The United States is one of India's largest trading partners, and India is a significant destination for US exports, particularly in energy, defence, and...
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act was enacted by the US Congress in 1977 to grant the President authority to regulate international commerce...
The IEA is a Paris-based intergovernmental organisation established in 1974 following the oil crisis, initially as an autonomous body under the OECD...
India-Nepal relations are governed by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950), which provides for an open border, free movement of citizens, and special...
Kharg Island is a small continental island located in the Persian Gulf, approximately 25 km (16 miles) off the coast of southwestern Iran and about 483 km...
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is the apex body in India's national security decision-making architecture. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and...
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance established by the Washington Treaty of 1949, originally formed by 12 founding members...
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), codified in the Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols (1977), grants special protected status to medical...
Bab el-Mandeb is a narrow maritime strait connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, forming a critical link on the shipping route...
Operation Sankalp was launched by the Indian Navy on June 19, 2019, to ensure the safe transit of Indian-flagged vessels through the Strait of Hormuz and...
First adopted at the Second Ministerial Conference in Geneva in 1998 as part of the Global Declaration on E-Commerce, the moratorium prohibits WTO members...
Artificial intelligence is a dual-use technology with implications for national security, economic productivity, healthcare, and democratic governance....
India has maintained a multi-aligned position, engaging both Russia (as a major defense supplier and oil source) and the West. The deepening China-Russia...
India is the world's largest importer of vegetable oils, spending approximately $15-20 billion annually on edible oil imports. The country imports over...
India has historically maintained a cautious posture in trade negotiations — it withdrew from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in...
The India-EU FTA, concluded 27 January 2026, is the largest trade agreement either side has concluded, establishing one of the world's biggest free trade...
The Iran-Israel conflict is a multi-decade strategic rivalry rooted in ideological, geopolitical, and security dynamics. Iran does not recognise Israel's...
A maritime chokepoint is a narrow strait or passage that channels a disproportionate share of global shipping and energy trade, making it strategically...
Beyond the SR mechanism, India and China have periodically used 'informal summits' between the top leaders — meetings without a fixed agenda or formal joint...
The DCC is a bilateral agreement ensuring that professionals temporarily working in the other country do not pay social security contributions in both...
Exercise MILAN (Multilateral Indian-Led Assembly of Navies) was inaugurated by the Indian Navy in February 1995 at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands...
India's approach to energy procurement is a direct expression of its strategic autonomy doctrine — diversifying suppliers to avoid dependence on any single...
West Asia (Middle East) is of multi-dimensional strategic importance to India: it hosts over 9 million Indian diaspora (the largest source of remittances —...
The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between India and the United Kingdom is a bilateral free trade agreement covering goods, services and...
India and China share a 3,488 km disputed boundary, divided into three sectors: the western sector (Ladakh — where China controls Aksai Chin), the middle...
The NPT is the cornerstone of international nuclear non-proliferation architecture, and Iran's compliance with IAEA obligations is central to the dispute.
The Raisina Dialogue is India's flagship annual geopolitics and geo-economics conference, organised jointly by the Ministry of External Affairs and the...
The 2026 Iran war began on February 28, 2026, when the United States and Israel launched coordinated air strikes on Iran, killing Supreme Leader Ali...
Basmati rice is a variety of long-grain aromatic rice grown in specific geographic regions of the Indian subcontinent. India holds the Geographical...
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is caused by viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae, genus Orthoebolavirus. The family is so named because the virions appear...
The current conflict echoes the 'Tanker War' period of the Iran-Iraq War (1984–1988), when both Iran and Iraq attacked tankers transiting the Persian Gulf...
In trade negotiations, countries designate certain sectors as 'sensitive' — products for which full tariff liberalisation is politically or economically...
India's trade policy is managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) administering export-import...