Groupings, treaties, chokepoints and doctrines behind India's foreign policy news. 667 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), signed in 1982 and entering into force in 1994, is the foundational international legal...
The US-China trade conflict, which escalated sharply from 2018 under Trump's first term, stems from grievances about China's industrial subsidies...
The 2026 Iran War began on 28 February 2026 when the United States and Israel launched coordinated surprise airstrikes on military sites across Iran. The...
APEDA is a statutory body established in 1986 under the APEDA Act, 1985, functioning under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It is mandated to promote...
The Assam Rifles is India's oldest paramilitary force, with origins traceable to 1835 when it was raised as the Cachar Levy by the British to maintain law...
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Ebolavirus within the family Filoviridae. It is classified as a Biosafety Level 4...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of India launched the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package...
India has historically maintained a protective stance on agricultural trade, rooted in food security concerns and the livelihood dependence of nearly 42-43%...
India has identified 30 critical minerals essential for clean energy technology, defence, and electronics manufacturing. Securing supply chains for these...
India is the world's largest producer of milk, accounting for approximately 24% of global milk production. The sector is dominated by smallholder farmers...
India's foreign policy doctrine since independence has rested on the principle of strategic autonomy — the ability to make independent decisions without...
The Indian diaspora in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries — UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain — constitutes over 9-10 million...
India is the world's third-largest oil consumer and importer, importing approximately 85-87% of its crude oil requirements. Historically dependent on Middle...
India's economic relationship with West Asia extends well beyond oil. The region is a major destination for Indian exports (rice, textiles, engineering...
India's trade policy is managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) administering export-import...
India's trade policy has evolved from near-autarky under the import-substitution regime (1950s-1991) through the 1991 liberalization, to the current...
The India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is the premier platform for India-Africa engagement, jointly organised by India and the African Union. It began in 2008...
India-Canada diplomatic relations soured sharply in September 2023 when Canadian PM Justin Trudeau publicly alleged Indian government involvement in the...
India-China tensions go beyond border disputes and are rooted in a structural rivalry between two large, nuclear-armed, civilisational states with...
India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992 under PM Narasimha Rao. The relationship accelerated dramatically under PM Modi, who became...
The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between India and the United Kingdom is a bilateral free trade agreement covering goods, services and...
The IEEPA, enacted in 1977, grants the US President broad powers to regulate international commerce during declared national emergencies. It was originally...
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the law of armed conflict, is primarily codified in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their...
Iran's governance system, established after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is a unique hybrid of theocratic and republican elements. The Supreme Leader...
Iran and Israel do not share a border, yet they have been in a state of shadow war for decades — fought through proxies, cyberattacks, assassinations, and...
A naval blockade is a military operation to prevent passage of vessels to or from an enemy's coastline or ports. Under the laws of naval warfare codified in...
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) was founded in 1960 in Baghdad, with five founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and...
Pakistan's role in brokering the US-Iran ceasefire and hosting the Islamabad talks marks a significant diplomatic achievement for Islamabad, leveraging its...
The Quad is an informal but strategically significant grouping of four Indo-Pacific democracies: India, the United States, Australia, and Japan. Its origins...
The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), commonly called the Pakistani Taliban, was formally established in December 2007 as an umbrella organisation of...
The United States has maintained an extensive sanctions regime against Iran, targeting its nuclear programme, ballistic missile development, support for...
The 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis began in late February 2026 in the context of the ongoing Middle East conflict. Iranian forces, primarily through the...
CBDR-RC is a foundational principle in international environmental law, codified in the Rio Declaration (1992), UNFCCC (1992), and reaffirmed in the Paris...
Energy security refers to the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price. Bangladesh imports virtually all its petroleum products...
The Food Corporation of India was established on 14 January 1965 under the Food Corporations Act, 1964, with its first office at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu —...
A Free Trade Agreement is a treaty between two or more countries that reduces or eliminates tariff and non-tariff barriers on goods and services traded...
Global AI governance has evolved through a series of summits and multilateral frameworks. The UK hosted the first AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park in...
The Act East Policy, upgraded from the earlier Look East Policy (1991), was formally announced in November 2014. It aims to deepen India's engagement with...
India is the world's third-largest domestic aviation market and is projected to become the largest by 2030-2040. Indian carriers operated approximately 750...
India is structurally dependent on imported hydrocarbons: it imports approximately 90% of its crude oil requirements, over 66% of its LPG, and over 50% of...
India is the world's third-largest oil importer and consumer. Approximately 85% of India's crude oil requirements are met through imports, with Gulf...
Two of India's largest export sectors to the US — gems & jewellery and electronics — were highlighted as vulnerable to Trump tariffs.
India's export strategy is managed through the Ministry of Commerce, supported by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and a range of...
India is one of the world's largest consumers of chemical fertilisers — essential for agricultural productivity. While India produces urea domestically...
India's FTA strategy has shifted from caution (withdrawal from RCEP in 2019) to selective bilateral engagement. By 2026, India has concluded or advanced...
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) are government-held emergency crude oil stocks designed to cushion the economy against supply shocks. The IEA...
India is the world's second-largest textile producer (after China) and sixth-largest exporter of textiles and apparel. The sector contributes ~2.3% of GDP...
India and Finland share a 75-year diplomatic history built on technology cooperation, education, and innovation, with the relationship deepening...
The India-US trade relationship has historically been marked by periodic friction over tariffs, market access, and non-tariff barriers. The current interim...
India-US relations have undergone a fundamental transformation since the 2005 Civil Nuclear Agreement, evolving into a 'Comprehensive Global Strategic...
Iran's nuclear programme has been a central flashpoint in Middle Eastern geopolitics since 2002, when covert enrichment activities were publicly revealed....
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) was founded on September 14, 1960 in Baghdad by five founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi...
Pax Silica is a US-led multilateral initiative launched to build resilient and trusted supply chains for critical technologies including semiconductors, AI...
RoDTEP (Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products) is a scheme that reimburses exporters for embedded taxes and duties that are not refunded...
Rules of Origin are criteria used to determine the national source of a product. In FTAs, RoOs prevent 'tariff shopping' — where goods from a third country...
SEBI was established on April 12, 1988, as a non-statutory executive body, and was granted statutory powers on January 30, 1992, through the Securities and...
Stagflation — the simultaneous occurrence of stagnating economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation — is considered one of the most challenging...
India's doctrine of strategic autonomy evolved from the Nehruvian Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) of the Cold War era. While India is now deeply integrated with...
The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) is the rules-based mechanism for resolving trade disputes between member states. Administered by the Dispute...
India's principal domestic legislation to regulate dealing in antiquities and prevent illegal export. Enacted in alignment with the 1970 UNESCO Convention...