Missions, technologies and regulatory bodies behind the S&T headlines. 62 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
The Union Cabinet approved the National Quantum Mission on April 19, 2023, at a total cost of Rs. 6,003.65 crore for the period 2023-24 to 2030-31....
The global AI governance architecture has evolved through a series of high-level summits since 2023. The first AI Safety Summit was held at Bletchley Park...
India's defence indigenisation policy is anchored in the goal of reducing import dependence (currently ~60% of defence equipment is imported) and building a...
India's Gaganyaan programme aims to demonstrate indigenous human spaceflight capability by sending a crew to an orbit of 400 km altitude for seven days....
Semaglutide belongs to the class of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists — drugs that mimic the incretin hormone released by the small...
The JCPOA, commonly known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, was agreed on July 14, 2015, in Vienna between Iran and the P5+1 (the five UN Security Council permanent...
The Artemis programme is NASA's flagship human exploration initiative, named after the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology. Its primary goal is to...
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) operates under the Department of Space (DOS), which functions directly under the Prime Minister's Office. The...
Gaganyaan is India's first human spaceflight mission, being developed by ISRO under the Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC). It aims to send a crew of three...
India's nuclear doctrine, first outlined in the Draft Nuclear Doctrine of August 1999 and formally adopted via the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)...
The Artemis program is NASA's initiative to return humans to the Moon for the first time since the Apollo program ended in 1972. Named after the Greek...
The Reserve Bank derives its authority to regulate payment system operators from the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007. The Act designates the...
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the drugs designed to kill them, rendering standard treatments...
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is the R&D wing of India's Ministry of Defence, tasked with designing and developing cutting-edge...
DAP 2020 is India's comprehensive defence procurement framework, effective from October 1, 2020, replacing the earlier Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)...
Human Papillomavirus is a group of over 200 related viruses, of which high-risk types — primarily HPV 16 and HPV 18 — are responsible for approximately 70%...
The Space Launch System (SLS) is NASA's super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle — the most powerful rocket ever built, generating 8.8 million pounds of...
Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), formerly IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), is India's autonomous satellite-based navigation...
Nipah virus (NiV) belongs to the genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Its natural reservoir is fruit bats (flying foxes) of the genus...
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 is India's first comprehensive data protection law, replacing the earlier framework under the IT Act. It...
India's space exploration ambitions run parallel to the global lunar renaissance. ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 (August 2023) achieved a soft landing near the Moon's...
Kavach is India's indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, designed to prevent train collisions by automatically controlling speed...
The Space Launch System (SLS) is a super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA — the most powerful rocket in history by thrust at launch. SLS Block 1...
The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is India's programme to indigenously design a single-seat, twin-engine, fifth-generation stealth multirole...
CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell) therapy is a form of personalised immunotherapy in which a patient's own T-cells are extracted, genetically...
India's defence indigenisation policy, accelerated under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative (2020), aims to reduce import dependence and develop a robust...
A free-return trajectory is a flight path that uses the Moon's gravity to loop a spacecraft around it and return naturally to Earth without requiring a...
The governance of artificial intelligence has emerged as one of the most contested geopolitical challenges of the 2020s. Key international frameworks...
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous body under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of...
India's private space sector was opened up following key reforms in 2020, including the establishment of IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and...
The Indian Space Policy 2023 was released in April 2023 and represents the most comprehensive overhaul of India's space governance since the founding of...
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas is India's most significant domestic aerospace achievement — a single-engine, delta-wing multirole fighter developed...
Large Language Models are deep neural networks trained on massive text corpora to understand and generate human language. They form the foundation of modern...
Lunar regolith is the layer of loose, fragmented material covering the Moon's surface, formed over billions of years by meteorite impacts, solar wind...
Orbital mechanics (or astrodynamics) is the application of Newtonian physics and celestial mechanics to the motion of spacecraft. Key terms: Perigee — the...
The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is designed for deep space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) — specifically crewed missions to the Moon...
A nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court unanimously held in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) that the right to privacy is a fundamental right...
The Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is one of the largest public health programmes in the world, covering approximately 2.67 crore newborns and 2.9...
Aditya-L1 is the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) first dedicated mission to study the Sun, launched to observe the solar corona, chromosphere...
ADA was established in 1984 under the Ministry of Defence to oversee India's Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme. It is an autonomous body affiliated with...
Chandrayaan-4 is ISRO's planned lunar sample return mission, a significantly more complex undertaking than the landing-only Chandrayaan-3. It requires two...
Indigenous development of strategic weapon systems like Kusha is guided by India's defence procurement and self-reliance framework, under which the Defence...
India's disaster management institutional architecture was substantially reformed after the 2004 tsunami. The Disaster Management Act, 2005, established a...
The General Electric F414 is an afterburning turbofan engine in the 22,000 lb (98 kN) thrust class, featuring Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)....
Gaganyaan is India's indigenous human spaceflight mission, aimed at sending a crew of Indian astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at approximately 400 km...
Gaganyaan is India's human spaceflight programme, aiming to send a crew of astronauts (referred to as 'vyomanauts') to Low Earth Orbit (approximately 400...
HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, of which over 40 types can infect the genital tract. High-risk oncogenic strains — particularly HPV types...
The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), headquartered...
A nuclear triad consists of three independent delivery platforms for nuclear weapons: land-based ballistic missiles, aircraft-delivered bombs or cruise...
India's space sector has undergone a structural transformation since 2020, opening up to private players for the first time in its history. The Indian...
The India-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (commonly called the '123 Agreement') was signed in October 2008 following the landmark India-US nuclear...
The Indian Space Policy, notified in April 2023, formally opened up the entire space value chain — from satellite building to launch vehicles to ground...
The legal framework for space activities rests primarily on five UN treaties, the most important of which are: 1. Outer Space Treaty (OST), 1967: The...
Artemis is NASA's program to return humans to the Moon, formally established in 2017. It is structured in sequential missions: Artemis I (uncrewed lunar...
The Artemis programme is NASA's flagship initiative to return humans to the Moon and establish a sustainable lunar presence. Named after the twin sister of...
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), formerly known as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), is India's own satellite-based...
Project Kusha, also designated the Extended Range Air Defence System (ERADS) or Programme Long Range Surface-to-Air Missile (PG-LRSAM), is DRDO's flagship...
The Supreme Court has consistently held that the Right to Health is an integral component of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution. Article...
The Space Launch System is the most powerful rocket NASA has ever built, designed specifically to carry Orion and crew directly to the Moon in a single...
Space medicine is the branch of medicine that studies the physiological and psychological effects of the space environment on the human body. It encompasses...