Constitutional provisions, institutions and processes the news keeps testing. 558 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
The 73rd Amendment (Panchayati Raj) and 74th Amendment (Municipalities) of 1992 transferred 18 and 12 functions respectively to local self-governments...
The Aadhaar system, administered by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), is governed by the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and...
The distinction between active and passive euthanasia carries significant legal and ethical weight. Active euthanasia involves a deliberate act —...
An advance directive (or living will) is a written document in which a person specifies in advance what medical treatment they consent to or refuse in the...
Ammonium nitrate is a critical chemical compound with dual-use applications: as a nitrogen-based fertiliser in agriculture and as a component in industrial...
Launched in December 2000 by the Department of Food and Public Distribution, AAY was designed to reach the 'poorest of the poor' — households identified as...
ANRF is the apex body for strategic direction of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship across scientific and social science disciplines in India. It...
Article 102(2) of the Constitution provides that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if they are so disqualified...
Article 122(1) provides that the validity of any proceedings in Parliament cannot be called into question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of...
Article 124(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and such number of other...
Article 124(1) of the Constitution provides that the Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice of India and 'such other judges as Parliament may by law...
Article 124(1) of the Constitution provides for a Supreme Court consisting of the Chief Justice of India and, 'until Parliament by law prescribes a larger...
Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. The Supreme Court has progressively moved from formal...
Article 163 of the Constitution establishes that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to 'aid and advise the Governor...
Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression to all citizens. Article 19(2) permits the State...
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. The Supreme Court has progressively expanded its ambit. In P. Rathinam v....
Article 239A of the Constitution was inserted by the 14th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1962. It empowers Parliament to create a Legislative Assembly and...
Articles 25–28 of the Indian Constitution collectively guarantee freedom of religion as a fundamental right. Article 25 gives 'all persons equally entitled...
Article 262 of the Indian Constitution grants Parliament the power to provide for the adjudication of any dispute relating to the use, distribution, or...
Article 30(1) grants all religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Article 30(2)...
Article 342 of the Constitution governs the specification of Scheduled Tribes and their modification. It establishes a two-step process: initial...
Article 44 of the Constitution of India, under Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy), directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code...
Article 82 of the Constitution mandates that after every census, Parliament must by law provide for the readjustment of the allocation of seats in the House...
Article 82 of the Constitution requires Parliament to enact a Delimitation Act after every Census, under which the allocation of Lok Sabha seats among the...
The special parliamentary session saw procedural debates about the sequencing and urgency of the bills. The Rajya Sabha's Deputy Chairperson is elected...
Article IX of the IWT establishes a graded, multi-tier dispute resolution structure. 'Questions' (routine implementation matters) go to the Permanent Indus...
Articles 25 to 28 of the Constitution guarantee freedom of religion as a fundamental right under Part III. Article 25(1) gives every person — not just...
Article 82 of the Constitution mandates that the allocation of seats in the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and the division of each state into territorial...
Arunachal Pradesh became a full-fledged state of India on February 20, 1987 (Statehood Day), having been previously a Union Territory (as the North-East...
The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) was launched by the Prime Minister in January 2018, targeting 112 of India's most underdeveloped districts across...
Passed by the Australian Parliament on 29 November 2024, this law is the world's first legislated minimum age restriction on social media use at a national...
The Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) programme is a World Customs Organization (WCO)-endorsed trade facilitation initiative, implemented in India by CBIC...
The power to impose bail conditions derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), now largely subsumed in the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita...
The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is the primary legislation governing the functioning, regulation, and supervision of commercial and payments banks in...
The Supreme Court's landmark ruling in Kesavananda Bharati (1973) held that Parliament's power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 cannot be used to...
BharatNet (formerly National Optical Fibre Network, NOFN) is one of India's flagship digital infrastructure programmes, aimed at providing broadband...
The BNSS, 2023, enacted as part of three simultaneous criminal law reforms, replaced the 163-year-old Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC). The other two...
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and came into force from July 1, 2024. It is one of three landmark criminal law...
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), established under the BIS Act, 2016, is India's national standards body operating under the Ministry of Consumer...
The Central Bureau of Investigation is India's premier investigation agency, established under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946. The...
The Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems project was initiated in 2009 by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) as a Mission Mode Project under the...
Parliament enacted this law in December 2023, replacing the earlier Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of...
CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) is the national nodal agency for responding to cybersecurity incidents. It was established under Section...
The 'care economy' encompasses all paid and unpaid activities involved in caring for people — childcare, elder care, cooking, cleaning, healthcare...
Inter-state river water disputes in India are adjudicated by tribunals constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956. The Cauvery Water...
The Central Information Commission (CIC) is a statutory body established under Section 12 of the Right to Information Act, 2005. It serves as the highest...
The Central Information Commission (CIC), established under Section 12 of the RTI Act, is the apex appellate body for RTI disputes at the Central Government...
The Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum is part of the larger Central Vista Redevelopment Project, which involves the redesign and reconstruction of India's central...
The constitutional division of legislative powers is the primary obstacle to state-level internet regulation.
Under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, 'Public order' and 'Police' are State subjects (List II), making the state government primarily responsible...
Parliament enacted this law in December 2023, replacing the earlier framework under which the appointment of the CEC was effectively at the President's...
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 replaced the Election...
India has one of the most stringent foreign funding regulatory frameworks in the world for civil society. The FCRA framework reflects a continuing tension...
The Committee of Privileges is a parliamentary committee constituted by the Speaker under Rule 222 of the Lok Sabha Rules of Procedure. It examines cases...
Meta's automatic compliance architecture is applied selectively — only in countries where the legal and regulatory environment either mandates it or where...
India has developed a network of strategic tunnels in the Western Himalayas over the past decade, each addressing a specific seasonal or strategic chokepoint:
Article 341 of the Constitution empowers the President to specify, in consultation with the Governor, which castes, races, or tribes, or parts thereof...
The concept of 'constitutional morality' was first articulated in Indian judicial discourse by the Supreme Court in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India...
The Governor is the constitutional head of a state, appointed by the President under Article 155 and holding office during the President's pleasure under...
India's Constitution establishes a quasi-federal structure — a strong Centre with federal features — rather than a classical federation. The constitutional...