India-China Boundary Dispute
LAC, Sectors, and Legal Basis
The India-China border is not a settled international boundary but is defined operationally by the Line of Actual Control (LAC), divided into western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand-Himachal), and eastern (Arunachal Pradesh) sectors. No boundary agreement/treaty formally demarcates the LAC on the ground, distinguishing it from the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan, which originates from the 1972 Shimla Agreement.
- China does not recognise the McMahon Line (1914, Simla Convention) in the eastern sector and claims Arunachal Pradesh as "South Tibet"
- 1993 and 1996 India-China agreements established the first Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) for peace and tranquillity along the LAC
- Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) points and hotlines are additional CBMs operating below the WMCC/SR level
- India's position is that delimitation and demarcation must proceed on the basis of historical, traditional, and customary boundaries, rather than unilateral claims
● Tracked since March 12, 2026 · last seen August 26, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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