Groupings, treaties, chokepoints and doctrines behind India's foreign policy news. 561 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
India runs a large and growing structural trade deficit with China, driven by heavy import dependence on Chinese industrial, electronic, and...
The India-EU Trade and Technology Council is a high-level bilateral coordination mechanism, the first of its kind established by India with any partner. It...
The India-New Zealand FTA was concluded in December 2025 after roughly nine months of negotiation — among the fastest-concluded FTAs by India — and formally...
The India-Nordic Summit is a multilateral heads-of-government format that brings India together with the five Nordic nations (Denmark, Finland, Iceland...
On 6-7 February 2026, India and the United States announced a framework for an Interim Trade Agreement — the most significant reset in bilateral trade...
India-US trade relations have operated under multiple overlapping mechanisms since the early 2000s. The current negotiations aim at a formal Bilateral Trade...
The India–US Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) negotiations were formally launched in February 2025, building on the Trade Policy Forum (TPF). The US...
The IEA was established in 1974 in response to the 1973–74 Arab oil embargo, which exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to oil supply...
Lipulekh Pass (about 5,334 metres) is a Himalayan pass in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, near the India-Nepal-China trijunction. Border trade through...
The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is a joint Earth-observation satellite using dual-frequency (L-band from NASA, S-band from ISRO)...
The Prime Minister's Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother Earth (PM-PRANAM) was launched on 28 June 2023. The...
Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, following the initial seizure of Crimea in 2014 and support for separatist forces in...
The S-400 Triumf (NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler) is Russia's most advanced long-range surface-to-air missile defence system. It can simultaneously...
SACU is the world's oldest existing customs union, tracing its origins to 1910 and reconstituted under a new agreement in 2002. It comprises five member...
S&DT refers to provisions in WTO agreements that give developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) greater flexibility: longer timeframes to implement...
China considers Taiwan a breakaway province that must eventually be reunified with the mainland, a position it refers to as the 'One China Principle.' This...
When the US switched diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the People's Republic of China in 1979, the US Congress passed the Taiwan...
UNSCR 1701 was unanimously adopted on August 11, 2006, to end the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah. It called for a full cessation of hostilities...
The US-China rivalry has moved beyond trade disputes into technology, military, and normative domains. Key flashpoints include:
Natural uranium contains ~0.7% U-235 (the fissile isotope). Enrichment increases the concentration of U-235 through centrifuge cascades (gaseous diffusion...
A Consulate General is a consular (not diplomatic) post, and its establishment is governed by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), adopted 24...
The WTO Ministerial Conference is the WTO's supreme decision-making body and meets every two years. All WTO members are represented, and decisions require...
The presence of Iran, UAE, and Saudi Arabia in the same BRICS grouping is historically unprecedented. Iran and Saudi Arabia are the region's two major rival...
The Artemis Accords are a US-led, non-binding set of principles governing civil space exploration, first announced in October 2020, intended to establish...
Press Note 2 of 2026 introduces, for the first time in India's FDI policy, a formal definition of 'beneficial ownership' aligned with the Prevention of...
The Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) was signed into US law on 2 August 2017 and remains the primary precedent for how the US...
A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) typically covers only tariff reduction on trade in goods between partner countries. A Comprehensive Economic Partnership...
The Chola dynasty (9th–13th centuries CE) was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in Indian history, reaching its imperial zenith under Rajaraja Chola I and...
As the LPG crisis deepened, coal emerged as a substitute fuel for industry, power generation, and some commercial establishments. India's coal sector —...
A collective defence (or mutual defence) clause is a treaty provision under which an armed attack on one member state is deemed an attack on all, triggering...
CETA is a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) covering goods, services, investment, and related regulatory cooperation, distinguished from a narrower...
Diego Garcia is a coral atoll and the largest island of the Chagos Archipelago, situated at the geographic centre of the Indian Ocean approximately 1,600 km...
Dubai International Airport (DXB) is the world's busiest international airport by international passenger traffic (~92 million in 2023). It is the primary...
Elbridge Colby is one of the principal architects of US defence strategy toward China. He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and...
The Export Promotion Mission is a central government framework to diversify and expand India's export base through institutional coordination across...
India's trade agreements exist on a spectrum of depth: a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) offers tariff concessions on a limited, negotiated list of...
In India's federal structure, the management of essential commodities involves both Centre and states. While petroleum is on the Union List (List I), states...
The G7, EU, and Australia introduced a price cap on seaborne Russian crude oil exports, initially set at $60 a barrel with effect from 5 December 2022....
Economic sanctions are intended to impose costs on targeted states by restricting their access to markets, finance, and technology. However, sanctions on...
The Indian government responded through a coordinated set of emergency measures, invoking powers under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 and through...
Gross FDI (as tracked by DPIIT) counts all equity inflows into India, including reinvested earnings and inter-company loans, before any deductions. Net FDI...
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), established in 1981, comprises Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. It was formed primarily to...
The Gulf of Oman is a body of water connecting the Arabian Sea to the Strait of Hormuz, bordered by Oman, Iran, and Pakistan. It is one of the world's most...
The IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps) maintains a parallel naval force — the IRGC Navy (Sepah Navy) — distinct from Iran's regular Islamic Republic...
The LPG crisis disproportionately affected the informal economy — street food vendors, daily wage workers, migrant labourers, and small hospitality...
The India AI Impact Summit is an international summit on artificial intelligence scheduled at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, from 16 to 20 February 2026....
For most of the post-1998 nuclear period, India maintained 'strategic restraint' in response to Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism — absorbing attacks...
India has a track record of large-scale evacuation operations in the Middle East. Operation Kaveri (Sudan, 2023), Operation Ganga (Ukraine, 2022), Operation...
India's merchandise export basket is diversified but concentrated in a few high-value categories. Petroleum products (refined oil exports from refineries in...
India is the world's third-largest consumer of crude oil and imports approximately 87% of its consumption. Over 60% of India's crude oil imports...
India moved from a cost-plus, subsidy-driven Administered Price Mechanism (APM) to market-linked pricing in stages. Petrol pricing was deregulated in June...
India's gems and jewellery sector is one of the largest in the world, contributing significantly to exports, employment, and GDP. India processes...
India's resilience to external shocks like the West Asia conflict rests on a set of macroeconomic buffers built over the past decade through fiscal...
India's maritime security framework operates through a multi-layered institutional structure involving the Indian Navy, Indian Coast Guard (ICG), and the...
India is the world's third-largest oil importer and consumer. The country's heavy dependence on imported crude (over 85% of requirements) makes it acutely...
India's legal argument is rooted in the structure of Article IX: the Neutral Expert and Court of Arbitration processes cover overlapping subject matter and...
India's West Asia policy has historically been shaped by a doctrine of 'strategic autonomy' — maintaining equidistant relations with competing powers and...
India is the world's second-largest sugar producer (after Brazil) and one of the largest exporters in certain years. Sugar production in India is seasonal...
The India-Australia Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed in September 2014 during an Australian Prime Minister's visit to New Delhi. The agreement...
The India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline (also called the Indo-Bangla Friendship Pipeline) is a cross-border petroleum product pipeline connecting...