Groupings, treaties, chokepoints and doctrines behind India's foreign policy news. 667 concepts, each with its definition, key details and a timeline of every news story that touched it.
The India-EU FTA negotiations were first launched in 2007 but were suspended in 2013 due to disagreements over market access, intellectual property, and...
The India-EU Free Trade Agreement, concluded on 27 January 2026, is a comprehensive trade deal between India and the European Union that followed nearly two...
India and France signed the Agreement on the Development of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in 2008. The centrepiece is the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project...
India and Indonesia share a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, elevated during PM Modi's 2018 visit to Jakarta. The relationship spans defence, maritime...
India-Iran energy ties have been shaped by the tension between strategic complementarity and external geopolitical pressure. Iran holds the world's...
Israel is one of India's most significant defence technology partners. Between 2020 and 2024, Israel supplied approximately 13% of India's total arms...
The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue format involves the Foreign Ministers and Defence Ministers of both countries meeting together. It is a mechanism to coordinate...
India and Nepal share a unique relationship defined by an open border, deep cultural and civilisational ties (Hinduism, Buddhism), extensive...
The India-Russia energy relationship transformed fundamentally after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Western sanctions on Russian oil exports...
India-Russia relations are among the most durable in India's foreign policy landscape. Rooted in the Soviet-era arms supply relationship, they have evolved...
Before 2022, Russia was a relatively minor trading partner for India — bilateral trade was approximately $13 billion. Post-sanctions, India dramatically...
India and Sri Lanka share approximately 65 km of maritime proximity across the Palk Strait, making them among the closest neighbours in the world by sea....
India and the United States are Major Defence Partners (since 2016) and have signed three foundational defence agreements: LEMOA (Logistics Exchange...
India-US relations underwent a paradigm shift after the Civil Nuclear Agreement (also called the 123 Agreement) signed in 2008, which brought India into the...
The India-US Interim Trade Agreement announced on 6-7 February 2026 established a framework for phased tariff reductions. The US reduced its reciprocal...
On February 6, 2026, the US and India announced a framework for an Interim Agreement on reciprocal and mutually beneficial trade. Under this framework, the...
India and Vietnam established diplomatic relations in 1972. The relationship has been shaped by shared historical experiences of anti-colonial struggle...
India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries — Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman — share deep economic ties. GCC nations account for...
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) was established by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 and operates under the Ministry of Defence. Its jurisdiction extends over India's...
The Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) was established by the Ministry of Home Affairs as the national nodal agency to combat cybercrime in a...
The approximately 8.9 million Indians in GCC countries represent one of the world's largest diaspora concentrations in a single region. Remittances from...
India has the world's largest diaspora, and West Asia (the Gulf region) is home to approximately one crore (10 million) Indian nationals — the single...
India and Bangladesh share one of South Asia's most consequential bilateral relationships, rooted in India's decisive role in Bangladesh's Liberation War of...
India and Iran share longstanding civilisational and strategic ties. India is a key investor in Iran's Chabahar Port, a critical node in the International...
India and South Korea established diplomatic relations in 1973. The relationship was elevated to a 'Special Strategic Partnership' in 2015. South Korea is...
The International Criminal Court (ICC), established by the Rome Statute (1998, in force 2002), has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, war...
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) — also called the Law of Armed Conflict or jus in bello — is the body of international law that regulates the conduct...
The UN Charter (1945) establishes the primary international legal framework governing the use of force between states. Article 2(4) prohibits the threat or...
Iran's nuclear programme has been a source of international tension since 2002 when the existence of undeclared nuclear facilities at Natanz and Arak was...
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), signed in July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 (US, UK, France, Russia, China, plus Germany), was a landmark...
Asymmetric warfare refers to conflict strategies used by a weaker party to offset the conventional military superiority of a stronger adversary. Iran has...
Iran possesses one of the largest and most diversified ballistic missile arsenals in the Middle East, developed indigenously after sanctions cut off...
Iran is an Islamic Republic governed under the principle of Velayat-e Faqih (Rule of the Supreme Jurist) — a political-theological doctrine developed by...
Iran's military strategy is built on asymmetric deterrence — compensating for conventional military inferiority relative to the US through proxy networks...
Iran has developed one of the most capable drone and ballistic missile arsenals in the Middle East, a deliberate strategic choice to offset its conventional...
Iran is a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968), which obligates non-nuclear-weapon states not to develop nuclear weapons in...
Iran developed a strategic doctrine of 'forward defence' by cultivating and arming non-state armed groups across the Middle East, known collectively as the...
Iran's military doctrine is built around asymmetric deterrence — using proxy forces, naval mines, missile strikes, and selective maritime disruption to...
Israel's security doctrine has been shaped by its unique strategic situation: a small state surrounded by historically hostile neighbors, with narrow...
Judicial independence is the principle that the judiciary must be able to decide cases free from external influence — from the executive branch...
The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra is an annual pilgrimage organised by India's Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in Tibet...
The Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura region is a territorial dispute between India and Nepal, intensified since 2020 when India released a new political map...
The Khalistan movement emerged in the 1970s–80s as a demand for a separate Sikh state in Punjab. Following Operation Blue Star (June 1984) and the...
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in India is a mix primarily of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), stored under pressure in liquid form. India's domestic LPG...
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) — 'Army of the Righteous' — is a Pakistan-based terrorist organisation founded in the late 1980s with logistical support from the...
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), codified in the four Geneva Conventions (1949) and their Additional Protocols (1977), governs the conduct of warfare....
The San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, adopted in June 1994 by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, is...
The Loss and Damage Fund, formally established at COP 27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022) and operationalised at COP 28 (Dubai, 2023), provides financial support to...
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023, passed by Parliament in August 2023, fundamentally restructured how India governs...
Government references to an 'MSME boost' from a trade agreement only make sense against the statutory definition of an MSME. The Micro, Small and Medium...
The Major Questions Doctrine is a judicial principle holding that when an executive action carries vast economic and political significance, courts require...
Maritime chokepoints are narrow sea passages through which a disproportionate share of global seaborne trade passes. Their strategic importance arises from...
India's peninsula geography makes it inherently dependent on sea lanes. Over 90% of India's trade by volume and 70% by value moves through maritime routes....
Marine insurance is one of the oldest forms of commercial insurance, dating to the Lloyd's coffee house in London (late 17th century). Today, Lloyd's of...
Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982), vessels in distress may seek entry into a foreign port on humanitarian grounds, a...
MDL, headquartered in Mazagaon, Mumbai, is India's premier warship-building yard and the only shipyard in the country capable of constructing both...
Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur — Southern Common Market) is a South American customs union established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991, entering into...
A naval blockade is a belligerent act under international law that restricts the movement of ships to and from an enemy's ports or coast. Under UNCLOS...
Non-tariff barriers are trade restrictions that use mechanisms other than import/export duties to control the volume of goods traded between countries. They...
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), opened for signature in 1968, recognises five nuclear-weapon states (US, Russia, UK, France...