Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
The Kunming-Montreal GBF, agreed at COP15 in December 2022 in Montreal, is the successor to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2010–2020) under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
- Sets 4 goals by 2050 and 23 targets by 2030 to halt and reverse nature loss.
- Target 3 (30×30): Protect at least 30% of terrestrial, inland waters, and marine/coastal areas by 2030.
- Target 2: Ensure at least 30% of degraded ecosystems are under effective restoration by 2030.
- The GBF explicitly links biodiversity loss to climate change as a dual driver — recognising that the two crises must be addressed together.
- India is a signatory to the CBD (ratified 1994).
● Tracked since February 22, 2026 · last seen July 27, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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