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Freedom of Navigation

International Legal Framework

Freedom of navigation is a principle of international maritime law established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982). It guarantees the right of all states to have their ships sail through the high seas and straits used for international navigation.

Key details
  • UNCLOS Part III (Articles 34–44) governs "transit passage" through straits used for international navigation — states cannot suspend this right.
  • The Strait of Hormuz qualifies as an international strait under UNCLOS, giving ships (including warships) the right of transit passage.
  • Coastal states (Iran and Oman) cannot obstruct transit passage but may regulate lanes and traffic separation schemes.
  • India ratified UNCLOS in 1995 and consistently advocates freedom of navigation as a core tenet of its maritime policy.
In the news

Tracked since March 12, 2026 · last seen June 15, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes

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