Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
the "India Stack" Approach
DPI refers to foundational, interoperable digital systems built as public goods that private and public entities can build services on top of — as distinguished from a single government platform or purely private-sector infrastructure. India's DPI stack layers identity (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), and data-sharing consent (Account Aggregator, ULI) to enable broad-based financial inclusion.
- Commonly described using the "identity-payments-data" layer framework: Aadhaar (identity) to UPI (payments) to Account Aggregator/ULI (data-empowerment)
- CBDC and ULI are both cited internationally (including by the G20 under India's 2023 presidency) as examples of India's DPI model being studied for adoption by other developing economies
- State government participation (e.g., land record digitisation) reflects a Centre-state coordination dimension of DPI rollout, since land records are a state subject under the Constitution (Entry 18, State List)
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