EU Digital Markets Act (DMA)
Global Benchmark
The European Union's Digital Markets Act (DMA) came into force on 1 November 2022 and became applicable from 2 May 2023. It is an ex-ante regulation identifying "gatekeepers" — large digital platforms with durable market power — and imposing specific obligations and prohibitions on them.
- Gatekeepers (as of September 2023): 22 services across six companies — Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft.
- Obligations: Interoperability, data portability, transparency of algorithmic ranking, and prohibition on self-preferencing.
- Penalties: Up to 10% of global annual turnover for non-compliance; up to 20% for repeat infringement; structural remedies for systematic breaches.
- India vs EU approach: India's withdrawn DCB was broadly modelled on the DMA but lacked the DMA's provision allowing firms to contest their "gatekeeper" designation — a significant due process gap that contributed to its withdrawal.
- India's current position: Ex-post enforcement via Competition Act, 2002 while ex-ante rules are being reconsidered.
● Tracked since April 17, 2026 · last seen May 20, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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