EU Digital Markets Act (DMA)
Gatekeeper Framework
The Digital Markets Act was formally adopted by the EU on September 14, 2022, and entered into force on November 1, 2022, becoming applicable from May 2, 2023. It targets "gatekeepers" — large digital platform companies with entrenched market power — imposing specific obligations to ensure fair and contestable digital markets.
- DMA adopted: September 14, 2022; applicable from May 2, 2023
- Gatekeeper designation criteria: core platform services (e.g., search, social networks, app stores), large user base, durable market position
- Six gatekeepers designated (September 2023): Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, Microsoft — covering 22 core platform services
- Obligations include: interoperability with third parties, data access for business users, independent ad verification, freedom to uninstall pre-installed apps
- Penalties: up to 10% of global annual turnover; up to 20% for repeat infringements; structural remedies possible for systematic violations
● Tracked since April 17, 2026 · last seen May 20, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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