Three-Language Formula
History and Evolution
The three-language formula was first recommended by the Kothari Commission (1964-66) and adopted by Parliament in 1968 as part of the National Policy on Education. It recommends that students learn three languages: the regional language or mother tongue, Hindi (in non-Hindi states) or another Indian language (in Hindi-speaking states), and English. The NEP 2020 retains this formula but emphasises flexibility, stating that no language will be imposed on any state and students can change their choice of languages at the secondary stage.
- The Kothari Commission (1964-66) first proposed the three-language formula as a compromise between Hindi-speaking and non-Hindi-speaking states.
- The 1968 National Policy on Education adopted the formula, requiring Hindi, English, and a modern Indian language in non-Hindi states, and Hindi, English, and a southern language in Hindi-speaking states.
- NEP 2020 (Para 4.13) states that the three languages will be the choice of states, regions, and students, with at least two being native Indian languages.
- In practice, most Hindi-belt states never implemented the third language (a southern language) requirement, a long-standing grievance of southern states.
● Tracked since April 04, 2026 · last seen July 03, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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