Parliamentary Procedures
Constitutional Amendment Bills
Constitutional amendment bills under Article 368 require a special majority for passage — defined as a majority of the total membership of each House AND a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting. Certain amendments also require ratification by not less than one-half of the State Legislatures before presidential assent. The expansion of Lok Sabha seats (131st Amendment) and the women's reservation operationalisation (amending Article 334A) both fall under Article 368 and require this special majority; they do not need state ratification.
- Simple majority (Article 100): Required for ordinary bills — majority of members present and voting, with quorum of one-tenth.
- Special majority (Article 368): Total membership majority + two-thirds of present-and-voting majority.
- State ratification requirement (Article 368 proviso): Required when amendments affect federal provisions (e.g., Articles 54, 55, 73, 162, distribution of legislative powers). The delimitation/seat-expansion bill does not trigger this.
- Money Bill (Article 110): Defined exhaustively; can only originate in Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha has 14 days to return (its vote is advisory only).
- Current Lok Sabha numerical context: Ruling alliance's effective majority is sensitive to the Speaker's anti-defection rulings on defecting MPs.
● Tracked since March 25, 2026 · last seen July 04, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
Polity & Governance
Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023
Polity & Governance
Delimitation
Polity & Governance
Women's Political Representation
Polity & Governance
Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
Polity & Governance
Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026
Polity & Governance
Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule)
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