Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
The Paris Agreement, adopted at COP21 in December 2015 and entered into force on November 4, 2016, requires all signatory nations to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their climate action plans. India ratified the Paris Agreement on October 2, 2016. The agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. NDCs are updated every five years under the "ratchet mechanism."
- Adopted: December 12, 2015 (COP21, Paris); entered into force: November 4, 2016
- India ratified: October 2, 2016
- Temperature goal: Well below 2 degrees Celsius, efforts toward 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels
- India's updated NDC (August 2022): 50% cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030; reduce carbon intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels
- Original NDC (2016): 40% cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil sources; reduce carbon intensity by 33-35%
- NDC update cycle: Every 5 years
- Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Principle under Article 3 of UNFCCC; India advocates that developed nations must take greater responsibility
- Loss and Damage Fund: Established at COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022)
- Global Stocktake: First completed at COP28 (Dubai, 2023); calls for tripling renewable energy and doubling energy efficiency by 2030
● Tracked since February 16, 2026 · last seen April 21, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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