GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Mechanism and Global Significance
GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) receptor agonists are a class of medicines that mimic the action of the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone, which is released from the gut after eating. They stimulate insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite — together producing significant and sustained weight loss. Originally developed for Type 2 diabetes management, GLP-1 receptor agonists have transformed the treatment of obesity. The three agents covered by the WHO guideline are: liraglutide (Victoza/Saxenda), semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy), and tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound — a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist). Clinical trials show tirzepatide can produce up to 22.5% body weight reduction; semaglutide up to 15–21%; liraglutide is less potent but established.
- GLP-1: Incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L-cells post-meal; stimulates insulin, suppresses glucagon, reduces appetite.
- WHO December 2025 guideline: First global guidance on GLP-1 medicines for obesity — covers liraglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide.
- Tirzepatide: Dual GLP-1/GIP agonist; most potent for weight loss (~22.5% body weight reduction in trials).
- Semaglutide: GLP-1 agonist; used in both injectable (Wegovy/Ozempic) and oral (Rybelsus) forms.
- Global anti-obesity drugs market: Estimated at $19.6 billion (2025), projected to reach ~$104.9 billion by 2035.
- Key debate: Affordability and equitable access for low- and middle-income countries, including India.
● Tracked since March 07, 2026 · last seen July 03, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes