Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC)
CBDR-RC is a foundational principle in international environmental law, codified in the Rio Declaration (1992), UNFCCC (1992), and reaffirmed in the Paris Agreement (2015). It acknowledges that while all states share responsibility for environmental protection, developed nations bear greater responsibility owing to their historical cumulative emissions and greater financial and technological capacity.
- Article 3(1) of the UNFCCC explicitly articulates CBDR-RC
- India, China, Brazil, and South Africa cite CBDR-RC in challenging CBAM at international fora
- The Paris Agreement shifts from "common but differentiated" to nationally determined contributions (NDCs), but preserves the equity principle
- CBAM critics argue it imposes equal carbon costs on all nations regardless of historical emissions, undermining CBDR-RC
- Developed countries account for ~79% of cumulative CO₂ emissions since industrialisation despite housing ~16% of global population
● Tracked since February 18, 2026 · last seen June 09, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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