Article 368
Special Majority for Constitutional Amendments
Article 368 of the Constitution prescribes the procedure for amending the Constitution. Most substantive amendments require a "special majority": a majority of the total membership of each House AND not less than two-thirds of members present and voting in that House. Some amendments that affect federal features additionally require ratification by at least half the State Legislatures.
- Special majority = majority of total House strength + two-thirds of members present and voting.
- The Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill requires this special majority in both Houses separately.
- Ordinary legislation passes by a simple majority (more than 50% of members present and voting); constitutional amendments have a higher threshold precisely to protect constitutional fundamentals from transient majorities.
● Tracked since March 24, 2026 · last seen August 28, 2026 · updates as the daily brief publishes
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